Justifying The State Essay Example for Free

Justifying The State Essay Q1 If the state is not a voluntary organisation, how can one be under any obligation to obey its commands? This is a question about justifying the state. What D. D. Raphael calls the grounds of political obligation.1 If the state can be justified somehow then so can the commands it makes, whether it is voluntary or not. This would be a state built on individual consent; obligation to the commands of the state would flow from that consent. This essay will discuss the possibility of justifying of the state through the idea of a social contract. The state when it creates a law draws a line one cannot cross without consequences. For clarity I am talking about a serious law, specifically one that obviously has a moral base, the law against murder for example. An individualist might say I have no intention of crossing that line anyway because I believe it would be morally wrong to do so. The law in his case may as well not exist. Just by not breaking a law it can appear as though he supports it. When what he might agree with is what the law defends/upholds /represents, and that is the moral principle behind it. This is one reason why some people appear to uphold the law when in fact all they may be doing is following a personal moral code. or simply agreeing with the basic rational belief shared by most people that murder is wrong or (maybe) tax for the NHS is good for example. I suggest this analogy can be applied when questioning many commands of the state. When I obey the state by paying taxes, I may not be doing so because I am obligated too by law but for other reasons including moral ones. Socialists (as do many others) might argue that they are happy to pay more tax in return for a wider societal benefit that includes all, i.e. as in the National Health Service. Therefore a socialist might argue that she paid her National Insurance not because the law obligates her too, but because it fits her moral attitudes and outlook anyway. The fact that she has no legal right to refuse to pay becomes relevant in this case only if she actually doesnt. The above argument is Lockean to the extent that it appeal[s] to the idea of individual consent.2 It is also in part my own view, which is (I think) essentially individualist in nature, though not libertarian. The relevance of my own view to this essay is that when thinking about this question, I realised that I had no idea what my own moral position was regarding some of the most crucial problems and contradictions of political philosophy. Many of these questions require (I think) a moral stance in order to be able to make sense of them. This may seem like a non-academic approach as if I am personalising or reducing this essay to subjective notions, however the questions and issues of political philosophy are in large part moral questions and issues that therefore have as a basis, personal moral opinions. Lockes view according to Wolff is that obligations to the institutions of the state must be justified in terms of the will, choices or decisions of those over whom they have authority.3 Justification of the institutions of the state that enforce obligation then is reliant on the idea that personal autonomy is of premier value. Will Kymlicka defines this as the belief that the individual is morally prior to the community. One objection to this is the communitarian argument that the individual is not morally prior to the community instead individuals are a product of the community.4 There are other objectors to Lockes idea that autonomy is the primary value. Wolff writes that Bentham considered the primary value is not autonomy but happiness whether we consent to the state is irrelevant. 5 This utilitarian argument is that the happiness of society, as a whole is of more value than personal autonomy or the happiness of the few or one. And that therefore one has a duty to obey the commands of the state as it pursues this goal. So if the state decides that having nuclear weapons is for the greater good (happiness) then I would be obligated to pay my share of tax for them whatever I thought. I may be against nuclear weapons or the military in general for moral reasons (pacifism for example) but my moral objection is sacrificed for the greater happiness. The problem political philosophers face is finding ways to solve issues like the one above. Just how does one justify the state? One theory is the idea of the social contract. Wolff here defines the project of the social contract theory. The project of showing that individuals consent to the state lies behind the idea of social contract theory. If, somehow or other, it can be shown that every individual has consented to the state, or formed a contract with the state, or made a contract with each other to create a state, then the problem appears to be solved.6 It is difficult to support the idea that the state, and thereby its commands and responding obligations, can be justified by the theory of a social contract. The theory of a social contract tries to justify political obligation as being based on an implicit promise, like the obligation to obey the rules of a voluntary association.7 If there were such a contract (based on the idea that the state is a voluntary organisation) the problem of individual obligation to the state would be solved. One could join (or leave) institutions of the state at will, and not be subject to state penalties. This is clearly not so. To clarify this further I can ask a different question: how much like a voluntary association is the state? The consensus among political philosophers is I think that the state is not a voluntary organisation. To be born is to be joined to it. As Raphael says the universality of the states jurisdiction makes its compulsory character more pervasive and more evident. 8 Individuals are inextricably linked to it in many ways, for example through the financial/legal institutions. Neither of these institutions are voluntary, they both carry obligations that are enforceable by law. For a comparison I will examine what I think a voluntary organisation is. The obligations I have to the UEA regarding my degree, I agreed to honour. They were stated, I accepted. This does not mean I think the UEA is perfect. Just because I am obligated, (I agreed to the UEA rules) does not mean I cannot criticise the parking problem. What is important is that I chose to join. My obligations to the UEA are voluntary, and I can withdraw from them voluntarily and leave the university should I choose. This is not possible in the case of the state. [I] am subject to the rules whether I like it or not.9 As a general philosophical attitude I am nervous or sceptical of organisations people are forced to join or have to remain joined to, this includes the idea of a state. This could be framed as, (if this sentence makes sense) I do not like the idea that there is a group I am unable not to join. These reasons might help to explain why I am generally sceptical of some of the motives of our own state. So where does this leave us? The above contentions highlight some of the problems of the social contract theory. The central objection to it is that the state is not voluntary therefore there can be no mutually agreed contract. Nor has there historically ever been one. As Wolff observes, if there ever was a social contract What is the evidence? Which museum is it in?10 The idea of a hypothetical contract is an attempt to solve this problem. It does not rely on any formal notion of actual consent, be it historical, express, or tacit.11 The hypothetical contract relies on hypothetical consent. If hypothetical consent were possible it would provide a moral reason for political obligation. That is the ingredient the question this essay is discussing implicitly implies is missing. The idea asks us to imagine a position from where we could successfully negotiate a social contract. Rawls idea is a very complex one that effects many issues. In his Theory of Justice, Rawls sets out primarily to establish what moral principles should govern the basic structure of a just society.12 Rawls Theory of Justice suggests a set of specific moral principles that he hopes will achieve this consensus view. It is these principles that critics of the theory in the main object to. What they are concerned with is the kind of society that would emerge from behind any veil of ignorance whatever its character. For the purpose of this essay the idea of a veil of ignorance which is subject to many conditions, is the device Rawls uses to argue for consent. If people can agree on what would be just, (which he argues is possible using the principles he suggests) from behind a veil of ignorance the consent reached would be a voluntary contract. Again the problem remains, what principles really constitute a just society are not clear. Objections to Rawls ideas include the libertarian critique. Kukathas and Pettit13 argue that for principled libertarians like Nozick the state that would emerge from Rawlss theory is bound to seem inherently evil.14 Nozicks objections are based on his libertarian view that Individuals have rights, and there are things no person or group may do to them (without violating their rights)15 To conclude is this essay is very difficult; the argument I have tried to demonstrate is that one cannot be under any obligation to obey the commands of the state using the social contract model. I have argued that the social contract fails because it is not consensual. I have also tried to show that the idea of hypothetical contract cannot work because the veil of ignorance still does not produce consent because people cannot agree on what the principles of a just state are. One can only be obligated to obey the commands of the state (I think) when its principles are consensual. Bibliography Chandran Kukathas and Philip Pettit, Rawls, A Theory of Justice and its Critics, (Polity Press 1990) Kymlicka, Will, Contemporary Political philosophy. Raphael, D D, Problems of Political Philosophy, (Macmillan press 1990) Wolff, Jonathan, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, (oxford University Press 1996) Colin Dunlop His II Political Philosophy Dr Kathleen Stock 04-04-03 Q1 If the state is not a voluntary organisation, how can one be under any obligation to obey its commands? 1 Raphael, D D, Problems of Political Philosophy, p175 2 Wolff, Jonathan, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, p38 3 Ibid.p38 4 See Kymlicka, Will, Contemporary Political philosophy, Ch5 (I think) his discussion multiculturalism and communitarianism. 5 Ibid.p38 6 Ibid.p43 7 Raphael, D D, Problems of Political Philosophy, p182 8 Ibid.p181 9 Ibid.p181 10 Wolff, Jonathan, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, p44 11 Ibid.p44 12 Chandran Kukathas and Philip Pettit, Rawls, A Theory of Justice and its Critics, p36 13 Ibid. See chapter 5 The Libertarian Critique 14 Ibid.p74 15 Robert Nozick quoted by Chandran Kukathas and Philip Pettit in, Rawls, A Theory of Justice and its Critics, p76

America Needs to Use Less Chemicals :: Farming Agriculture Environmental Essays

America Needs to Use Less Chemicals How would you like going to the grocery store and finding out that prices on your regular food items have increased sharply? How would society react to a giant inflation on goods that are needed most? Would poverty and starvation increase with such inflation? These are all questions that would have to be answered if farm chemicals were to be banned throughout the world. Banning farm chemicals, such as herbicides and pesticides, would in turn lower the yields farmers would receive from their crops. It would also increase the demand for food, along with the price the consumer would have to pay. But, are there alternative ways of controlling weeds and insects, using a more natural way society will find more acceptable? This debate has been growing more and more each year, but no answer has availed itself. When farmers and society cooperate, education and limits can help slow down pollution and still keep yields to a maximum. Under the current circumstances, farm chemicals are needed for both the farmer and society. With education, chemicals can be used efficiently by everyone. In the debate over chemicals, many people in society believe that more organic fertilizers and weed killers should be used to eliminate pollution due to chemicals. This is a great hypothesis, but when you examine the problem this is nearly impossible. Manure is just one of the examples on how the pollution of fertilizers and weed killers could be reduced. Manure is an organic substance that can substitute many other forms of fertilizers. In reality, it would be impossible to cover every acre of farm ground with manure. Society today is led to believe that manure is safe for water and is free of pollution when actually it is not. Manure potentially carries many funguses and bacteria that can pollute our water supply. Recently it was discovered that a natural fertilizer has the potential of killing many types of noxious weeds. Nick Christians, an Iowa State University researcher, has discovered corn gluten to be the first "natural" weed killer and fertilizer. Corn gluten is a protein s ubstance extracted from corn during processing. Researchers have found that the corn gluten extract has the potential to interfere with germination in crabgrass and other noxious weeds. On the other hand, "the natural corn byproduct is less effective and more expensive than synthetic weed killers," noted Christians (28). America Needs to Use Less Chemicals :: Farming Agriculture Environmental Essays America Needs to Use Less Chemicals How would you like going to the grocery store and finding out that prices on your regular food items have increased sharply? How would society react to a giant inflation on goods that are needed most? Would poverty and starvation increase with such inflation? These are all questions that would have to be answered if farm chemicals were to be banned throughout the world. Banning farm chemicals, such as herbicides and pesticides, would in turn lower the yields farmers would receive from their crops. It would also increase the demand for food, along with the price the consumer would have to pay. But, are there alternative ways of controlling weeds and insects, using a more natural way society will find more acceptable? This debate has been growing more and more each year, but no answer has availed itself. When farmers and society cooperate, education and limits can help slow down pollution and still keep yields to a maximum. Under the current circumstances, farm chemicals are needed for both the farmer and society. With education, chemicals can be used efficiently by everyone. In the debate over chemicals, many people in society believe that more organic fertilizers and weed killers should be used to eliminate pollution due to chemicals. This is a great hypothesis, but when you examine the problem this is nearly impossible. Manure is just one of the examples on how the pollution of fertilizers and weed killers could be reduced. Manure is an organic substance that can substitute many other forms of fertilizers. In reality, it would be impossible to cover every acre of farm ground with manure. Society today is led to believe that manure is safe for water and is free of pollution when actually it is not. Manure potentially carries many funguses and bacteria that can pollute our water supply. Recently it was discovered that a natural fertilizer has the potential of killing many types of noxious weeds. Nick Christians, an Iowa State University researcher, has discovered corn gluten to be the first "natural" weed killer and fertilizer. Corn gluten is a protein s ubstance extracted from corn during processing. Researchers have found that the corn gluten extract has the potential to interfere with germination in crabgrass and other noxious weeds. On the other hand, "the natural corn byproduct is less effective and more expensive than synthetic weed killers," noted Christians (28).

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Not for the Adolescent

Mr. Jordan AP English III 13 January 2013 Huckleberry Finn For decades, Mark Twain’s â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† has spurred many controversies because of its offensive language, bad grammar, and racial bias. Some schools have even banned it from being taught; despite the benefits that one receives from it. When read to the right audience, one could learn from the harsh dialect, the use of satire, and the historical setting.However, because of the more advanced components of this book, â€Å"The Adventures of Huck Finn† should only be taught to high-school seniors in advanced English classes. One of the most popular reasons as to why â€Å"The Adventures of Huck Finn† is banned in some schools is because of the use of offensive language such as the â€Å"n† word and other racist comments and actions, mostly when referring to Jim, the runaway slave. In an article written by Allen Webb, he states, â€Å"†¦it was clear that hearing the word come out of my mouth made my African American†¦students bristle. Because of the book’s constant use of the term and other instances of racism such as when Huck takes advantage of Jim’s gullibility and lack of education, tricking him with a snake skin, and later tries to convince him that a series of dramatic events were a dream, which both confuses and upsets Jim, makes teaching the book very difficult, no matter how sensitive one will attempt to be. For this reason, â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† should not be taught anywhere except in advanced senior English classes.As an advanced student, the level of maturity tends to be higher and the curriculum consists of a more broad and difficult selection, preparing the students for any style or type of writing. When hearing the use of a term such as the â€Å"n† word, most of these students will see it as a term to portray the time period and evoke strong emotions from the audience inst ead of taking it to offense. While the controversies that the offensive language stirs up are understandable, â€Å"The Adventures of Huck Finn† should be taught for the opportunity to discuss topics such as racism and to learn from Twain’s unique writing style.Without the opportunity to read â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† students would lose the chance to experience Twain’s use of satirical humor and a historical setting and dialect. In an interview with Nancy Methelis, she says that â€Å"The Adventures of Huck Finn† â€Å"†¦is a part of American history as American literature, so they can see it its place within the spectrum of literature and history. † The book lends a realistic depiction of life during the times of slavery and helps to more understand the feelings and struggles of African Americans. Also throughout the book is a heavy use of satire.For example, Miss Watson attempts to become and better Christian, yet sh e owns slaves and considers them her property. Another instance is when Pap becomes outraged at the thought of a black man being able to vote even though the black man is more educated that him. Twain uses the tool of irony and satire to poke fun at the idea of white supremacy and uses his writing style to portray the flaws in society. By reading â€Å"The Adventures of Huck Finn,† one can build their reading skill by deciphering Twain’s style and can also experience an accurate description of pre-Civil War life.In conclusion, â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† should be taught in advanced senior classes only to ensure the students are mature enough to handle the complex aspects of the book such as the harsh language and literary tools. Although some might believe that the book is offensive and better off banned, I believe that the benefits one will receive from reading â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† such as realistic depictions of hist ory and fine examples of American literature, are much too valuable.

The Chrysanthemums Essay - 1649 Words

John Steinbeck’s, The Chrysanthemums, was published in 1938 in a book of short stories, entitled The Long Valley. The Chrysanthemums has been a rather powerful draw for scholars because of its wide gap for interpretations and analysis of its main protagonist character, Elisa Allen and also the unique descriptions used to portray the deeper meaning behind the setting of the story. Themes of sexuality, oppression of women, as well as other numerous types of conflict portrayed in this rather somber short story have made it a popular study among scholars and students alike. Steinbeck also uses literary elements including a dramatic tone, rich symbolism, and personification which increase the stories feeling and value exponentially. Steinbeck†¦show more content†¦In conjunction with the symbolic representation of Elisa’s life, the dramatic description of the environment can also be seen as a unique representation of the relationship conflict between husband and wife . Steinbeck’s foggy description demonstrates conflict through the following statement, a time of quiet and waiting. This description is interesting because the fields are personified as waiting for rain, however, â€Å"rain and fog do not go together† therein lies the conflict just as Elisa waits for a positive change in how her husband treats her (Palmerino, Gregory J). Gregory P. further points out that, â€Å"The natural elements of the foothills ranch seem as unwilling to confront each other as the characters that inhabit its environs. Hence, fog and rain can be seen as the female and male equivalents to Elisa and Henry.† This only further solidifies the deep rooted troubles within Elisa and her relationship with her husband. The setting of the story is personified to act as a symbolic representation of the couple’s relationship (Steinbeck, John 337-338). The story concerns the unhappy marriage, which appears to be a theme in many of Steinbeck’s short stories, and the psychological effects this has primarily on the wife, Elisa Allen. The central character, Elisa, is appealing to many readers and scholars alike, because of the depth of her persona. Elisa is introduced to us in a less than feminine fashion which can be seen as a hint at oppression of women inShow MoreRelatedThe Chrysanthemums973 Words   |  4 Pages Prompt: How do the chrysanthemums as well as other symbols throughout the short story show women’s role in society? A Potential for Equality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Humans, just as flowers, cannot fully live without sunlight. They cannot develop without nourishment, and most of all they cannot flourish if not carefully tended to. Just as the Chrysanthemums fight to stay strong and meaningful in the short story, â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck, the main character, Emily, tries to do the same. BothRead MoreEssay on The Chrysanthemums1123 Words   |  5 Pages Everything is everything in the world of short stories. Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums is full of thick rhetoric that raises questions and stirs the mind and imagination. Everything from the title, to the last line needs to be thought about more than once. The story isnt just about a farmers wife who likes pretty flowers. Not in the least! The Chrysanthemums is a story about how Elisa Allen is forced to a life that she feels is trapping her. The story is set in the early twentieth centuryRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums By John Steinbeck Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pages The story â€Å"The Chrysanthemums† by John Steinbeck, like many stories by this author, is loaded with symbolism and concepts about human nature. Each description of characters, places, and physical aspects is written in a way that is simple to understand, but one should not be tricked by his ordinary words since there is always a greater meaning behind them. In this particular story, if one considers the period of time when the story was written, which was the nineteen thirties, is perceived how SteinbeckRead MoreThe Use of Symbols in John Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums720 Words   |  3 PagesIn John Steinbecks short story, The Chrysanthemums, he uses the flower to symbolize his main characters thoughts and ideas. There are many examples of such symbolism in this work. Elisa Allen is a lonely woman who enjoys growing and nourishing her chrysanthemums. Since her husband is always working the cattle in their farm, she never has enough attention or any kind of affection. The result of this dispassionate marriage leads Steinbeck to describe his main character as follows, Her faceRead MoreSymbolism in the Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck1758 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Steinbecks The Chrysanthemums is a story that is full of symbolism. After the first read, it might seem like an innocent tale about a woman and her garden. However, upon further examination, the reader learns it is actually a story about a womans desires and frustrations in her life. Steinbeck uses many examples, such as the flowers to symbolize the thoughts and ideas of the main character, Elisa, in this story. Elisa Allen is a lonesome woman who gets pleasure from growingRead More John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums Essay572 Words   |  3 Pages In John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums, the reader is introduced to the seemingly timid and shy Elisa Allen. Elisa is routinely planting her yearly sets of Chrysanthemums, which appear to be the sole receptor of her caring and gentle touch, but all the while it is evident that â€Å"the chrysanthemum stems seemed too small and easy for her energy.† Her hidden eagerness seems not only out of place, but out of touch with her dry and wilted surroundings, of which her husband, Henry, abruptly interruptsRead MorePrincess Masako Analysis991 Words   |  4 Pagescommoner that was very studious, outspoken, and she enjoyed playing softball as well as tennis; she experiences the feeling of having no freedom. This story uncovers the harsh reality of Masako’s journey before and after marrying the prince of the Chry santhemum throne, Naruhito Hironomiya, which includes her moving to many places with her family, her efforts in getting a job, and her life as a princess. After Masako and Naruhito got married, the new princess became a puppet controlled by the KunaichoRead MoreOdour of Chrysanthemums964 Words   |  4 PagesA Hint of Death In literature, foreshadowing is a warning or indication of a future event. Foreshadowing can tell you the possible outcome of a work of literature. In D. H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Odour of Chrysanthemums,† he uses the literary technique of foreshadowing to hint to the reader of the tragedy that Elizabeth Bates will soon learn happened to her husband Walter Bates. Throughout the story we follow Mrs. Bates at home with the children and gain knowledge of statements, descriptions, and objectsRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums And The Storm929 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Chrysanthemums† vs. â€Å"The Storm† â€Å"The Storm†, was written by Kate Chopin, who was a feminist writer who insinuated that women had an unspoken sexual appetite and longed for independence. She wrote stories that were considerably taboo of her time, including â€Å"The Storm†, which was about a woman in a content marriage, longing for attention and excitement who leans on another man for it. On the other end of the American literature spectrum, there is John Steinbeck, who was also a feminist writerRead MoreThe Chrysanthemums Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s â€Å"The Chrysanthemums†, is a story about a woman struggling with strong inner feelings of loneliness and isolation. Elisa Allen is initially portrayed as a woman who overcompensates and whose tasks are far exceeded by her abilities. She appears content with her life and adores tending to her garden. However, a tinker briefly enters her life and through his power of persuasion and manipulation provides Elisa with ho pes of change and excitement. He gives her the much needed attention

Goodfellas - Content Analysis - 1121 Words

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyG2VKnUK4w Goodfellas – Club Scene content analysis Camera and Editing The scene starts with a close up of two character’s hands exchanging a set of car keys. Then the camera zooms out into a very brief establishing mid shot, showing three characters: two men and a woman. The main character, Henry Hill joins the woman, and the camera starts to track them from behind. They go down into the club’s basement, skipping the queue and walk through, what appears to be, a complicated kind of maze through the club’s kitchen and hallways. Already we can get a sense that the main character has something dark, mysterious and very underground about him. This is because he somehow has the power over these people†¦show more content†¦This is maybe to create the effect of a much calmer atmosphere. Though the club is still full of people and noise, in my opinion it is no way near as dramatic as the kitchen. At this point, Henry and is date are welcomed by another very powerful man. This man orders a table ‘down in front’ for the couple and then the camera pans left to show a waiter carrying this table. Though the camera is now not focusing on Henry and this other man, we still hear their voices loud and clear as if they were up close to the camera. This maybe makes the audience keep their attention on Henry because as we can still hear his voice, we know that he will be back on the camera once again soon. When the table is placed down at the front pretty close to the stage, Henry and his girl take their seats. Once they are settled, the girl asks ‘What exactly do you do?’ and he replies, ‘I’m in construction.’ We know quite well that Henry is not in construction, as people would not care to treat an ordinary builder like some royalty in a club. This tops off how effective this scene is. The audience has not been told directly what Henry does for a living, but what they do know, it must be something quite secretive, dark, dangerous and underground. Mise-En-Scene There were lots of characters and objects in this one shot scene and I think it made it easier for the director in some cases. This is because if there were any cuts, then the mise-en scene wouldShow MoreRelatedUnit 261278 Words   |  6 Pages|Using the analytical approaches of genre analysis, content analysis and auteur theory, create a |Ï  |P1 | | |detailed discussion of the gangster genre. | | | | | | | | | |You will look at the film Goodfellas, and extracts from The Godfather, ScarfaceRead MoreEssay on Music in Scorsese films2910 Words   |  12 PagesI believe that believe he practices what he preaches through this statement in his work. I will be analysing aspects in his work whereby the music works on a deeper level than just as a mood prompting tool, in films such as (The Departed,2006), (Goodfellas,1990),( Taxi Driver,1976) and( Raging Bull,1980) trying to understand the directorial thought process in the choice of the music as well as the desired effect on the audience. Scorsese carries the idea that â€Å"popular music has the potential to giveRead MoreThe Sopranos1696 Words   |  7 PagesPage 1 Now revised and expanded, including a very revealing radio interview with David Chase in April of 2008! *Dozens of new visuals on all 4 pages and new content (â€Å"Death and David Chase†) added to Part II. **Check out an incredible Sopranos tribute video at the end of page 4. *Note from author (December 6, 2010): Its been over three years since the finale of the Sopranos, yet the ending continues to be discussed and debated to this day. My piece has become more popular than I ever could haveRead MoreMedia Representation Of Art Crime3638 Words   |  15 Pagesin film and television and to illustrate that the artificial image of the ‘Hollywood art thief’ detracts from the understanding of and attitude towards the serious threat that art theft and illegal trafficking pose to the global community. This analysis has been done using research on art cases, crime theory and through the exploration of film and television having to do with crimes involving art. Hollywood scripts and television programming are filled with storylines of crime and criminal justice

The United States Political System - 935 Words

The United States political system is dominated by an intense battle for power. Those who have control, have the ability to influence the way our nation is operated. While every citizen has the opportunity to impact politics, some citizens and groups are at a disadvantage. In America, we struggle to ensure that every individual has a chance to equally participate in the political process. Although anyone can run for political office in the United States, the cost of a campaign is expensive. Throughout their campaign, candidates spend money on research, ads, speaking engagements, and other activities to promote their name and policy to the public. The average amount of money spent in 2012 on a candidate elected to the House of Representatives was just under 1.6 million dollars (The Center for Responsive Politics (CRP), Row 1). In the senate, the candidate who won the 2012 election spent on average 11.5 million dollars (CRP, Row 1). Even being elected to a position in a state legislature comes at a cost. In the 2010 election, the average candidate running for a seat in a state’s House of Representatives spent 56,142 dollars (Casey et al., 2001). The cost of a political campaign jeopardizes the ability of candidates with limited funding to competitively contend in elections. The U.S. Census Bureau reported in 2010 that the annual median income in America was 52,64 6 dollars (DeNavas-Walt Proctor, 23). Without financial assistance, over 50% of Americans could not match theShow MoreRelatedThe Political System Of The United States1053 Words   |  5 Pagessaid that the United States is the most powerful nation on earth; politically, economically and militarily(1). Even though the U.S. is the second largest democracy in the world, India being the first, it is considered rare, compared to other systems in the world. Where did the founders of the U.S. get their ideas for the political system we have today? The U.S. political system is made up of many components and there are several factors the contributed to what the U.S. political system is today. SuchRead MoreThe Political System Of The United States2164 Words   |  9 PagesExtended Essay Rough Draft The political system of the United States of America is based upon democratic and republican principles, giving birth to the representative democracy that is our government today. Over the many years since the founding of the nation and our first president, George Washington, politics has separated itself into factions, more commonly called parties, based on common and shared beliefs, religion, and ideals. The development of these parties has encouraged corruption toRead MoreThe Political System Of The United States1813 Words   |  8 PagesJefferson, an American Founding Father once wrote that â€Å"design activity and political thought are indivisible,† stating that architecture acts as a vital instrument in conveying political image. In this case, the prominent symbols of government in any polity would be the national parliamentary buildings as they demonstrate faith in the cultural identity of a nation internally as well as foreign country. Likewise, United States of Ame rica is known as a land of democracy and the Congress House of U.SRead MoreThe Political System Of The United States Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesparties are movements that quickly â€Å"sting† and influence American politics dramatically before fading away, leaving behind a two-party system. Though third parties have historically not had much success in presidential elections, they remain important statements against the established two-party system, introducing key ideas and representations into the political system; they symbolize a change as outsiders against the establishment. 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Financial Managerial Accounting Education †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Managerial Accounting Education? Answer: Introduction: The given case study depict that two investment proposals have been offered by the Mark and Paul in front of the investor to invest into the proposals and enhance the worth of invested amount. In this paper, various methods and tools have been taken into consideration to analyze the best investment proposal of the company. Capital budgeting techniques have been used in this report to analyze the first investment proposal and budgeting techniques have been used in this report to analyze the second investment proposal offered by the Mark and Paul. According to this report, the main motto of this paper is to analyze the best investment proposal which would provide the investors more return and the proposal of the investment would be attractive for the investors (Bierman, 2010). Additionally, the scope and limitation of both the investment has been analyzed and it has been found that the scope of the proposal is high return and opportunities in the market whereas the limitations are mana ging the investment amount. Nature and scope of investment: Investments are crucial for every person to manage the invested amount and the return from that investment. Basically, individual saves the amount and invest it into the various business opportunities or in the market to enhance the worth of their money. In financial terms, individual buys the financial products and various other similar products to enhance the worth of their amount and enhance the return from those products. Basically the nature of investments is dynamic and viable and offers various scopes to the investors (Lafond and Roychowdhury, 2008). Both the given investment proposals are also dynamic in nature as the return is not similar in all the four months and offers various opportunities to the investors to enhance the worth and gain more return from the market. First Investment opportunity: First opportunities offered by the Mark and Paul depict that the investment could be done in restaurant. This investment would offer them various opportunities. For this option, investors are required to spend some money in buying the noncurrent assets which would be required to run the restaurant. This business proposal offers the different revenue and expenses style to the company. Following are the overview of the investment proposal which could be evaluated through budgeting technique to reach over a conclusion: The above details have been used to make the budgeting reports of the proposals (Radebaugh, Gray and Black, 2006). Sales budget: This budget report depicts the user about various predictions in concern of future about the products sales and services sales of business. Mainly, sales budgets are prepared by the firms to recognize the sum of selling unit and revenue of the business opportunity. So that strategy and policy of the business could be made accordingly. This case study depict about the total sales of the business which could be 20000, 18000, 18000 and 22000 units in Jun, July, Aug and Sept correspondingly of products (meals) and the drinks of the business units would be 60000, 54000, 54000 and 66000 units in Jun, July, Aug and Sept correspondingly. Thus restaurants total sales would be $12,60,000, $11,34,000, $11,34,000 and $13,86,000. Labor budget: This budget report depicts the user about various predictions in concern of future about the labour hour and labour cost of business. Mainly, labour budgets are prepared by the firms to recognize the sum of total hours and cost of the business in terms of labour. So that strategy and policy of the business could be made accordingly (Needles, Powers and Crosson, 2013). This case study depict that the total labour unit which would be required in the business are 432, 432, 432 and 432 in Jun, July, Aug and Sept. The labour per hour rate is $23. So the companys total labour cost will be $9936, $9936, $9936 and $9936 in Jun, July, Aug and Sept respectively. Cash budget: This budget report depicts the user about various predictions in concern of future about the cash inflow and outflow of business. Mainly, cash budgets are prepared by the firms to recognize the sum of total cash flow of the business. So that strategy and policy of the business could be made accordingly. this case study depict that the total cash inflow of this business opportunity could be $13,40,000, $21,98,064, 32,55,128 and $45,55,192 in Jun, July, Aug and Sept respectively. Same time, cash outflow of business opportunity will be $2,75,936, $76,936, $85,936 and $94,936 in Jun, July, Aug and Sept. so the total cash flow of business opportunity will be $10,64,064, $21,21,128, $31,69,192 and $44,60,256 in Jun, July, Aug and Sept correspondingly (Van der Stede, 2001). Overview and analysis of budgets: The above budgeting estimations and calculations depict that the investment opportunity offered by Mark and Paul of restaurant would offer high returns to the investors. The budget reports depict that the revenue, cash inflow etc of the company are quite higher than the expenses of the company. The budgeting of the company depict that the revenues are viable and the company is required to manage the expenses and revenue in current manner so that high profits could be made by the company. Further, all the budgets are connected to each other (Garrison et al, 2010). These budgets express the great performance of the restaurant investment proposal. Practical issues of investment: Through it has been found that the investment proposal is quite great in terms of profit but it has been found, that it is not easy for a restaurant to manage the expenses with this much high revenue. It has also been found that huge requirement of money is required by the company to invest into the restaurant. Second Investment opportunity: Second opportunities offered by the Mark and Paul depict that the investment could be done in new machineries. This investment would offer them various opportunities. For this option, investors are required to spend some money in buying the financial assets which would be required to enhance the worth of invested amount. This business proposal offers the different revenue in each month. Following are the overview of the investment proposal which could be evaluated through capital budgeting technique to reach over a conclusion: Initial Cost $ -3,90,000 Cash Inflows June $ 1,00,000 July $ 2,30,000 Aug $ 1,90,000 Sept $ 1,40,000 This case study depict that the capital budgeting techniques have been investigated over the above cash outflow and inflow. Net present value, Payback period and ARR techniques have been calculated (Brewer, Garrison and Noreen, 2005). All the three techniques depict about the different result which are total return of $ 95,402.72 according to NPV technique in 4 months, entire amount could be get back according to the payback period technique in 3.77 years by the company and the average return % of this investment proposal is 30.79% according to ARR technique. Thus it has been found that this investment would offer positive return to the customers. Comparison: Both investment opportunities offered by Mark and Paul has been analyzed to reach over a conclusion that which one is the best one to invest and enhance the worth of the amount. Through the calculations, it has been found that the investment in first proposal would be more profitable for the company as the profits are higher into that proposal through various issues are linked with it whereas the profits are lower into the second proposals and offer less return to the customers. Conclusion: Finally, through this study, it could be said that the both the opportunities are better but the first opportunity is best one as it offers huge return to the investors. Through the calculations, it has been found that the investment in first proposal would be more profitable for the company as the profits are higher into that proposal through various issues are linked with it whereas the profits are lower into the second proposals and offer less return to the customers. References: Bierman, H., (2010).An introduction to accounting and managerial finance: a merger of equals. World Scientific. Brewer, P.C., Garrison, R.H. and Noreen, E.W., (2005).Introduction to managerial accounting. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Lafond, R. and Roychowdhury, S., (2008). Managerial ownership and accounting conservatism.Journal of accounting research,46(1), pp.101-135. Needles, B., Powers, M. and Crosson, S., (2013).Financial and managerial accounting. Nelson Education. Garrison, R.H., Noreen, E.W., Brewer, P.C. and McGowan, A., (2010). Managerial accounting.Issues in Accounting Education,(25(4), pp.79(2-793. Radebaugh, L.H., Gray, S.J. and Black, E.L., (2006).International accounting and multinational enterprises. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Van der Stede, W.A., (2001). Measuring tight budgetary control.Management Accounting Research,1(2(1), pp.119-137.